不同情境下桉树碳汇林最佳轮伐期分析

碳汇林具有碳汇价值和木材价值,最佳轮伐期是影响碳汇林收益的重要因素,但目前相关研究较少。以浙江省苍南县桉树碳汇林为研究对象,构建了同时考虑碳汇价值和木材价值的最佳轮伐期模型,并利用桉树生长模型,通过模拟计算,系统地分析了纳入模型的碳价格、贴现率、木材价格和劳动力价格等四个变量,在不同情境下,对碳汇林最佳轮伐期的影响。同时,探讨了上述变量对碳汇林收益净现值的影响。结果表明:当碳价格为55元/t、贴现率为5%、木材价格为700元/m3和劳动力价格为100元/工日时,桉树碳汇林最佳轮伐期为8年,单位面积收益净现值为99 053.80元/hm2,其中碳汇收益净现值只占8.60%;此外,碳价格、贴现率和木材价格对碳汇林最佳轮伐期负相关,而劳动力价格与碳汇林最佳轮伐期正相关。     

华北平原冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系氮肥的氨挥发

 利用可多点原位测定氨挥发的风洞系统,监测了华北平原2002～2004年冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系传统和优化氮肥管理下的氨挥发损失.结果表明,氨挥发主要发生在施肥后2～3周内,以施肥后连续采样15d的氨挥发累积量作为总排放量,相同施氮量下生长季夏玉米的氨挥发大于冬小麦.优化处理的氨挥发平均损失率(35.9%)显著高于传统处理(20.9%),但从氨挥发绝对量上看,传统处理为125.1kgN/hm²,优化处理为42.3kgN/hm²,降幅达66.2%.施肥和灌水方式显著影响氨挥发,撒施碳铵后翻耕的氨挥发损失为10.1%,追肥撒施的氨挥发损失平均为24.6%;撒施尿素后立即灌水,氨挥发损失为19.7%,5h后灌水氨挥发损失为34.0%,增加了72.6%.     

考虑轮换更新的应急物资政企协同预置储备优化研究*

为解决具有轮换更新环节的应急物资政企协同预置储备优化问题,探讨轮换更新环节中的操作过程及成本构成,构建轮换更新费用的应急物资政企协同预置储备优化模型,并以美国东南部墨西哥湾飓风灾害为背景设计3组数值算例,采用Python语言编码模型并调用Gurobi求解器的方式进行算例优化求解。研究结果表明:合同期内,应急物资的轮换更新次数无论多少,需要支出的差价（折旧）补贴普遍较高;轮换更新频次不会影响库存维持成本,但会影响储备库与企业的协同关系。     

A multivariate statistical analysis of surface water chemistry data--the Ankobra Basin, Ghana

R-mode hierarchical cluster and principal component analysis (PCA) were simultaneously applied to surface water hydrochemical data from three different locations, Ankwaso, Dominase and Prestea, along the Ankobra Basin, Ghana, to extract principal factors corresponding to the different sources of variation in the hydrochemistry, with the objective of defining the main controls on the hydrochemistry at the basin scale. Using the Kaiser criterion, principal components (PC) were extracted from the data and rotated using varimax normalization, for each location. The varimax rotation ensured that variation in the data was maximized for easy interpretation of the results. The analysis reduced 30, 33 and 33 data points, respectively, for Ankwaso, Dominase and Prestea to four, three and four PC representing the sources of variation in the hydrochemistry at the three different locations. Though the PC analysis proved to be more robust at unveiling the sources of variation in the hydrochemistry than the R-mode hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), the combined use of both techniques resulted in more reliable interpretations of the hydrochemistry. On the basis of these analyses, the hydrochemistry of the basin is controlled largely by the weathering of minerals (silicates, carbonates, gypsum and apatite) from the underlying meta-sediments of the Birimian and Tarkwaian Systems, and the decay of organic matter from the heavily forested regions. Concentrations of the major chemical parameters are within naturally acceptable limits and do not pose threats to the local ecology and humans. There is no strong evidence of high anthropogenic impacts on the major anions and cations used for this research, though there are variations at the different locations studied. The hydrochemistry at Ankwaso is principally controlled by the weathering of silicate minerals, whereas those of Dominase and Prestea are, respectively, influenced by precipitation and domestic wastewaters, and the decay of organic matter.     

黑龙江省森林火灾灾情年际变化与地球自转异常的遥联关系

根据天地生相互作用原理，针对地球自转因子的多年变化情况以及与在此期间森林火为灾情的关系的研究，揭示了森林火灾和地球自转有密切的联系，为林火预测提供了新的思路。     

Sodium and chloride accumulation in leaf, woody, and root tissue of Populus after irrigation with landfill leachate

The response of Populus to irrigation sources containing elevated levels of sodium (Na(+)) and chloride (Cl(-)) is poorly understood. We irrigated eight Populus clones with fertilized well water (control) (N, P, K) or municipal solid waste landfill leachate weekly during 2005 and 2006 in Rhinelander, Wisconsin, USA (45.6 degrees N, 89.4 degrees W). During August 2006, we tested for differences in total Na(+) and Cl(-) concentration in preplanting and harvest soils, and in leaf, woody (stems+branches), and root tissue. The leachate-irrigated soils at harvest had the greatest Na(+) and Cl(-) levels. Genotypes exhibited elevated total tree Cl(-) concentration and increased biomass (clones NC14104, NM2, NM6), elevated Cl(-) and decreased biomass (NC14018, NC14106, DM115), or mid levels of Cl(-) and biomass (NC13460, DN5). Leachate tissue concentrations were 17 (Na(+)) and four (Cl(-)) times greater than water. Sodium and Cl(-) levels were greatest in roots and leaves, respectively.     

不同立地管理措施对2代杉木人工林某些土壤性质的影响

在29a生1代杉木林采伐迹地上用5种林地处理方式进行2代杉木人工林营造,并研究处理后3a土壤体积质量、pH值、有机质的变化.结果表明BL3BM0(收获树干和树皮、加倍采伐剩余物)处理方式对降低土壤体积质量和提高土壤pH值的作用最大,是最佳的立地管理措施,而BL0BM0(收获地上所有有机质)处理的作用正相反,增加土壤体积质量和降低土壤pH值的幅度最大,对土壤肥力的维持最为不利.火烧采伐剩余处理并非最差的立地管理方式.     

秸秆/生物炭施用对关中地区小麦-玉米轮作系统净增温潜势影响的对比分析

为探讨秸秆、生物质炭施用对小麦-玉米轮作系统固碳减排效应,利用静态暗箱-气相色谱原位监测小麦-玉米轮作系统条件下秸秆、生物质炭施用对土壤CO_2、CH4和N_2O 3种温室气体排放、作物产量、土壤有机碳以及净增温潜势的影响.试验处理设置为:空白对照(CK)、常规施肥(F)、施肥并施用8 t·hm-2秸秆(FS)、施肥并施用8 t·hm-2生物质炭(FBlow)和施肥并施用16 t·hm-2生物质炭(FBhigh)共5个处理.结果表明:与F处理相比,FS、FBlow及FBhigh处理下小麦产量分别提高了30.9%、66.3%和36.6%;对于玉米产量而言,FS,CK及FBhigh处理下玉米产量分别降低了14.1%、18.0%和24.6%,但是FBlow处理下对玉米产量没有显著性的影响.与F处理相比,FS处理下土壤CO_2的年排放总量增加了60.2%,但是FBhigh处理下土壤CO_2的年排放总量减低了14.4%;生物质炭的施用降低了土壤N_2O的排放,与F处理相比,FBlow和FBhigh处理下分别减低了27.6%和38.7%,而秸秆的施用对N_2O的排放没有显著性的影响.总的来说,与F处理相比,FBlow和FBhigh处理下净增温潜势分别降低了24.13和58.44 t·hm-2,单位产量的净综合增温潜势分别降低了1.78和5.06 t·t-1.综上所述,对于小麦-玉米轮作体系而言,施用16 t·hm-2生物质炭可作为一种提高作物产量并降低净增温潜势的良好措施.     

The MONICA model: Testing predictability for crop growth, soil moisture and nitrogen dynamics

A fundamentally revised version of the HERMES agro-ecosystem model, released under the name of MONICA, was calibrated and tested to predict crop growth, soil moisture and nitrogen dynamics for various experimental crop rotations across Germany, including major cereals, sugar beet and maize. The calibration procedure also included crops grown experimentally under elevated atmospheric CO₂ concentration. The calibrated MONICA simulations yielded a median normalised mean absolute error (nMAE) of 0.20 across all observed target variables (n = 42) and a median Willmott's Index of Agreement (d) of 0.91 (median modelling efficiency (ME): 0.75). Although the crop biomass, habitus and soil moisture variables were all within an acceptable range, the model often underperformed for variables related to nitrogen. Uncalibrated MONICA simulations yielded a median nMAE of 0.27 across all observed target variables (n = 85) and a median d of 0.76 (median ME: 0.30), also showing predominantly acceptable results for the crop biomass, habitus and soil moisture variables. Based on the convincing performance of the model under uncalibrated conditions, MONICA can be regarded as a suitable simulation model for use in regional applications. Furthermore, its ability to reproduce the observed crop growth results in free-air carbon enrichment experiments makes it suited to predict agro-ecosystem behaviour under expected future climate conditions.     

黄河下游冲积平原轮作休耕农田土壤真菌群落结构与功能

通过明确不同轮作休耕方式对土壤真菌群落结构及功能的影响,探索农田土壤肥力对轮作休耕方式响应的微生态变化特性,为促进黄河下游冲积平原农田生态修复和耕地质量提升提供参考依据.以2018年开始的长期轮作休耕定位试验农田土壤为研究对象,采用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术,通过FUNGuild真菌功能预测工具,分析田间定位条件下不同轮作休耕方式［长期休耕(LF)、冬小麦-夏休耕(WF)、冬休耕-夏玉米(FM)和冬小麦-夏玉米周年轮作(WM)］,土壤真菌群落组成和功能的差异及其影响因素.结果表明,LF使耕层(0~20 cm)土壤真菌群落丰富度和多样性增加,而WF则使冬小麦收获后深层(20~40 cm)土壤的真菌丰富度和多样性增加;所有土壤样本中共获得2262 OTU,划分为14门、34纲、75目、169科、309属和523种,两个土层中共有的OTU分别包含420类(0~20 cm)和253类(20~40 cm);4种轮作休耕土壤真菌群落门水平上的结构组成相似,但相对丰度各异,优势菌门均为子囊菌门(Ascomycota)、担子菌门(Basidiomycota)和被孢菌门(Mortierellomycota),总丰度分别为91.69%~96.91%(0~20 cm)和91.67%~94.86%(20~40 cm);PCoA分析发现,PC1和PC2可以分别累计解释45.56%(0~20 cm)和46.20%(20~40 cm)的群落组成差异;LEfSe的LDA (阈值为4.0)结果可知,LF、FM、WF和WM中共有64个真菌进化枝在统计学上具有显著差异(P＜0.05);RDA分析表明,土壤有机碳(TOC)、全磷(TP)、碱解氮(AN)和含水率(SWC)同是显著影响0~40 cm土层真菌群落变化的主要环境因子(P＜0.05).通过FUNGuild功能比对发现,不同土层不同处理间的主要营养类型同为腐生营养型、腐生-共生营养型、病理-腐生-共生营养型和病理营养型,但其相对丰度存在差异;LF耕层土壤以病理-腐生-共生营养型真菌为主,深层土壤中则以病理营养型真菌相对丰度最高,而种植过小麦或玉米的处理(FM、WF和WM)两个土层都以腐生营养型为主.由此可见,不同轮作休耕方式改变了土壤真菌群落结构、多样性及营养类型,季节性休耕可用于调控集约化种植的农田土壤微生态环境,促进农田土壤生态系统健康和谐.